Education has over the years been highly acknowledged for its vital role in the human society. Many scholars and personalities have demonstrated the worth of education in the various sectors of human society including economics, culture, religion, and politics. Both developed and developing nations have shown a high regard on the worth of education, thus investing numerous societies. The 20th and 21st centuries have been outstanding in the numerous developments and revolutions in education. This has been evident in the sophisticated methodologies and structures set up for facilitating education. Technology on the other hand has also been highly incorporated in the education system thus making it more worthwhile. Despite these developments in education, optimum efficiency in the education system has not been realized thus calling for increased commitment from the different stakeholders. As a result, the role of the community engagement in schools has received significant attention in recent days. This phenomenon has drawn substantial attention concerning its influence in success and efficiency in the education system. This research paper will provide an in-depth analysis and discussion on community engagement in school.

According to Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham (2003), community engagement is the involvement of community members in school planning, decision making, communication, activities, visioning among other school related activities. The concept has been in place for quite some time, whereby various communities have adequately adopted it. Both developed and developing nations have shown an increased adoption of community engagement in school affairs. From another perspective, community engagement is also referred to as community involvement, collaboration or public engagement. All the concepts have the same or similar meaning in that they entail the engagement of the entire community or public in the running of the school (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

Chadwick (2004) postulated that the concept of community engagement in school emerged following the speculation that children whose communities have engaged in schooling have a richer and diversified educational experience. This is not a new phenomenon, whereby it has been in place since the late 20th century. With reference to the high demand for quality in provision of education, there has been every need to devise the best strategies. In this case, community engagement has been one of the strategies for enhancing success and efficiency in the education system. With this in mind, the concept has gained momentum over the last century and diffused to all corners of the globe. Presently, the concept of community engagement is adopted in nearly all education systems both in developing and developed nations (Chadwick, 2004).

As noted by Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001), the scope of community engagement goes beyond the parents and their children. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) indicated that the business community around a school is also part of the school community and has to be included. Despite that the companies or the business communities living around the school do not have children; they have key interests in the welfare of the school. Their contribution is also vital in the success of the school, thus the need for their involvement. It is worth noting that the administrators of any school have a key role in deciding who to include or exclude from the school affair. This is based on the fact that not all community members have good interests in the school.

Background

The concept of community engagement in school has been influenced by a wide number of factors. To begin with, the issues of industrialization, advancement in technology as well as globalization have led to a high sense on the quality standards in education. Through globalization, parents and other interested parties to a school are able to open their reasoning in the gap in quality standards. This has been closely associated with comparisons on the education systems among various countries, where in this case developing nations have key interests on the education systems of developed countries. As a result, the issue of community engagement has come into place, whereby it seeks to bridge the knowledge in the running of the schools as well as policy making (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

In relation to the increased expectations and workloads of school administrators in recent days, there is every need to incorporate the community. This is aimed at reducing the workload of the school administrators and thus enhances efficiency. School administrators in recent days are spread thin. This has made them to be inefficient thus leading to low quality education as well as failure of meeting the objectives of education. Based on this scenario, the quality of education has been compromised. With increased demand of education, the school resources and management has been put under high pressure. The issues of management in the school institutions have been a serious problem, with reference to the limited administrators. Most of the human personnel in the school have not been able to deliver services to the optimum. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) noted that the high demand of education has been the main cause of these problems.

On the other hand, discipline of students as well as school relations have also been a problem. In reference to this phenomenon, the school administrators are required to seek assistance from the community. Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham (2003) noted that the management of school funds as well as policy making has also been a vital problem. This is in relation to the high expectations on better quality education as well as financial efficiency in the running of the school. In light to this phenomenon, there has been a human resource gap in the running of the schools thus calling for community participation.

Benefits

Many researchers and scholars in the field of education have shown a strong correlation between community engagement and the success of a school. To begin with community engagement has helped in reducing the high workload of school administrators. Over the last 2 to 3 decades, there has been a very high expectation from school administrators and the entire school system. Based on this phenomenon, community engagement helps in reducing the workload of administrators thus enhancing their efficiency. The role of parents in school activities has been of great help in reducing the pressure on the administrators. This helps in enhancement of efficiency thus leading to quality improvement (Gelsthorpe and West-Burnham, 2003).

The burden overlying school administrators is lifted through community involvement. As indicated by Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001), community engagement enhances role sharing thus reducing the tasks played by the different personnel. In addition the scenario of administrators being spread in a spread thin is also overcome by community engagement. From this scenario, community learns on how to take the lead thus helping the administrators in undertaking their roles. The energy and time of community to a school is a vital resource to the success of the school. Hughes-hassell and Wheelock (2001) stipulated that the input of community to school can not be taken for granted. By sharing roles, specialization is achieved thus helping in attaining efficiency and increase in output and quality.

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“…they (certain Whites) didn’t want “peaceful relations” disturbed by the teaching of a new political thought….” Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro”

Dr. Carter G. Woodson believed that if you wanted to create a good “citizen”, one dedicated to the growth and success of this country, then you must create in that person an allegiance to this country. That allegiance is developed through a proper education of the content of The Constitution. And, it is developed through engaging in the use of the political process while actually seeing that process work to change the lives of those he/she interacts with. Certain Whites on the other hand, believed that if Blacks had a functional understanding of the Constitution then they would demand social justice and would be willing to fight and die for it as they had done. This of course would have disrupted the “peaceful relations” Whites had already established with Blacks since emancipation.

Therefore, following emancipation, the opponents of social justice began teach History through the perspective of Black inferiority. “If you make a man feel that he is inferior, you do not have to compel him to accept an inferior status fore he will seek it himself.”

Blacks in America had their view of the Constitution and the rights offered therein shaped through intimidation and Mis-education to the point where they believed that affairs of the government really did not concern them. As long as they were able to acquire the bare necessities in life, they were somewhat satisfied. They had to be, fore in their thinking there was no workable solution other than an all out war with the majority who seemed to control everything.

Acceptance of social injustice became suitable to death.

As a people today in 2008, our view of the political process has been at best a choice between the lesser of evils during each Presidential Election. Black participation in the process has been very limited in overall numbers. And, we are distrustful of the process because it never seems to benefit us in our daily lives. So, the political process is reduced to an entertainment spectacle or something to talk about to pass the time of day. Enter Senator Barack Obama, a Black man who for the first time in the history of America seems to have a Real chance at winning the Presidency. On the fact alone that he is Black, he will get a great many African-Americans to support him. But, the full voting power of the masses of Blacks will not be realized because of our poor experience with government and our Mis-Education within politics in general. We need to re-read the Constitution, and find ways to teach it in a way that inspires us to unify affectively behind our leaders. If Barack Obama is to be the next President on the backs of our vote then we must be able to give him the full benefit of our numbers and our properly educated allegiance.

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With the fashion industry generating over 350 billion annually, a few New York based designers ( Diane Von Furstenberg, Narcisco Rodriguez and Nicole Miller just to name a few) have formed a coalition in seeking that the current US copy write law extend to the fashion world.

The Council of Fashion Designers of America is pushing for the Design Piracy Prohibition Act. The act would grant a three year copyright protection in fashion designs, and would incur penalties of 250,000 or per copy when violated. The bill also might go as far as protecting not only the design concepts cut and shape, but also go farther and actually protect the pattern on a piece of fabric used for garment assembly. Both Houses have agreed and have drafted similar bills recognizing the need for US fashion industry to be protected by law.

What has caused this change of attitude in the fashion world when after all fashion is a re-inventing of itself from past trends to drawing inspiration from other designers .In the past the view was that Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery? Why change now? Three drastic things have turned the American fashion world to take notice and re-think the rather relaxed view of the past.

The new trend of top designers like Marc Jacobs, Vera Wang, Isaac Mizrahi, and Nicole Miller bringing exclusive designer collections to mid level retailers such as Target, Kohls and JC Pennys thus affording the masses the appeal of being fashionable.

The rate at which knock-offs can be created from cut, to production to on the rack from huge over seas supply chains and manufacturing.

Finally the new trend of designers extending their own labels into diversified markets crossing over to reach new potential clients. A good example would be some of the luxury jean line designers, now creating sportswear, accessories and even shoes. However, not all in the fashion industry agree with the proposed bill and even The Council of Fashion Designers of America is split on the bill. What causes concerns are the damaging effects it could have, the cure maybe greater than the illness stifling creativity, competition and growth.

After all it is these very same principles that allow fashion to grow, to be fresh drawing its inspiration from the past and being able to be free and reference others designs and some how making them original. How many times have we seen fashion classics re-born such as the little black cocktail dress, the polo shirt or the cargo pants, with a new twist, perhaps; an added pocket, different material or new stitch this is what births trends, the very thing that keeps fashion alive, who will decide who created an original. Did Ralph Lauren really design the cotton knit shirt known so affectionately as the Polo shirt or did the logo on the shirt create the buzz? If such law existed would they have been a success? Only time will tell who this bill really benefits.

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Public opinion polling has evolved through time and has adopted different methods from data collections to the presentation of results. They have evolved so fast to level that the politicians are threatened that the traditional rule of judgment and decision making have been shifted from the government and is at the discretion of pollsters and public.  Results from the pollsters are keenly followed by the members of the public especially the presidential opinion polls that have a remarkable impact on the elections besides gauging the public opinion.  In no surprise that pollster opinion polls have had a significant impact on politics in Washington. In these question and answer essay, an analysis is presented from different pollster polls and how they portray the public view of different issues.

Why is a random representative sample (called a probability sample) important for getting accurate poll results?

A probability sampling method utilizes random selection which means all members in the population have an equal enhance of being selected.

 This reduces the researcher bias in sampling.  In carrying out a probability sampling, the researchers are therefore in position to make inference on the whole population because each member has an equal probability of being chosen. Random selection eliminates the probability of disproportionate number of respondents from a given group. The sampling variance in this case is more or less like that of the whole population which enhances the accuracy of the outcomes.  This sample gives the opportunity for an impersonal choice to take place rather than the researcher.

The accuracy the sample is further enhanced by its size.

 A high sample size enhances the accuracy of the sample statistic which will be as good as the parameter.  The accuracy of a random representative sample is not greatly influenced by the population size (William, 2006)
PART 2
Q1. Does the question posed by the pollster meet the standards for a good question? Why or why not?

The question posed by the pollster meets the standard of good question because they are objective rather than subjective.  They don’t have the subjective forms like ‘you’ but are stated in the objective forms of for instance, ‘should’.  There this eliminates the researcher bias in influencing the outcome of the questions (Gallup, 2007) (Holt, 2009)

Q2. What are the facts collected and presented by the poll?

The facts collected and presented by the poll range from the country’s direction, the anticipated bill to bail out the economy with its expected impact includes the Federal government support for ailing homeowners, economy’s condition, public perception of the government and political parties including Bush’s approval rating and trust in the government (Holt, 2009)

Q3. Which response was given by the largest number of the respondents to the poll?

Nine in every ten American believe that the country is headed in the wrong direction. A whooping 93% believe that the congress is on the wrong path while a paltry 7% think the Congress is on the right track. On the economy, 89% of US citizens believe that the country is headed in the wrong direction.  On the Bailout bill, only 28% approve against 53% who disapprove with 34 % believing the bailout will change the economy and 38% believing it will not (Holt, 2009)

Q4. “There are few people who never trust the government in Washington.” According to the poll’s results, is this a valid generalization? Explain your answer

Yes, it’s a valid generalization going by the figure that only 9% don’t trust the government in Washington against 1%, 16% and 74% who trust the government Always, Most of the time and Some of the time respectively. The reason being that most of the house occupants especially republicans are pre-occupied with their own agenda apart from that of enhancing the lives of Americans. An example is the diversion of national resources to wars in the Middles East other than revamping the economy (Holt, 2009)  

PART 3
Q1. How many sampled adults say they would vote for a woman for president?

In the CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll of September 8-11, 2005, 86% of the sampled adults said they would vote for a woman president.  The number of respondents was 86% of 533= 458.38 which is approximately 459 respondents (Polling Report, 2009)

Q2. How many respondents think vote-counting needs to be made more accurate?

According to the CBS News Poll of December 9-10, 2000, the numbers of respondents who think vote counting needs to be made more accurate were 80% of 1,114= 891.2 i.e approximately 891 respondents (Polling Report, 2009)

Q3.What percentage of respondents either strongly or moderately favor new federal laws limiting the amount of money that an individual or group can contribute to national political parties?

According to the CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll of March 9th-11th , 2001, the number of respondents that either strongly or moderately favor new federal laws are 76%(=51%+25%) of 1, 015 were 771 respondents (Polling Report, 2009)

PART 4

The public opinion was measured by conducting a random survey of 1, 112 adults in the whole nation among them 281, 416 and 415 were Republicans, Democrats and Independents respectively.  The poll was carried out by CBS News/ New York Times poll held between Januarys 11thand 15th 2009. The results of the poll showed that 22% of Americans approved the overall performance of George W. Bush with a whopping 73% disapproving his presidency.  Dialing of phone lines was done from RDD samples which included the cell numbers as well the land lines.  The findings were based on the interviews carried out by way of telephone where 1,112 adults either 18 years or older were quizzed. The poll had a 95% confidence level with a margin error (sampling error) of + 3%but the error among the subgroups was much higher (CBS News/New York Times Poll, 2009)

The respondents were asked whether they approve or disapprove George Bush’s in the he handled his presidential job. Below are the historical results from January 2008 to January 2009 based on the poll conducted by Gallup Poll between these times (Saad, 2009)

Bush went home with a net approval rating of -27 percentage points only managing to beat Richard Nixon who had -42 in the poll conducted by Gallup in August 1974 shortly before he resigned because of the Watergate scandal. Bush received a bump of 9% between the Election Day and President Obama inauguration from the 25% recorded in November last year.  Bush has had a distinction of having received the highest approval rating of 88% after the success of the initial Gulf War and at the same time he goes down in history as the president with the highest disapproval rating of 13%.

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